The evidence library
Research notes
English reading notes on chlorine dioxide, water chemistry and disinfection by-products.
Chlorine dioxide by-product formation
The thesis abstract examines three sources of inorganic by-products: preparation, self-decay and reaction with reducing substances in water. It reports that natural organic matter and inorganic constituents influence chlorite formation, while treatment of precursor material can alter by-product generation.
Read note →Combined chlorine dioxide and hypochlorite
The thesis abstract studies preparation method, natural organic matter, dosing order and treatment processes. It reports trade-offs among chlorite, chlorate and chloroform, and describes lower by-product formation after removal of precursor material.
Read note →By-products during pre-oxidation
Wang Xiaoyun and Fu Aimin study synthetic waters containing humic acid and bromide. Their paper reports that pH, organic matter and bromide affect chlorine dioxide reactions and the distribution of inorganic by-products.
Read note →What 6,264 drinking-water samples show
Zhang Qi and colleagues analysed 6,264 drinking-water samples collected in Chongqing in 2019–2020. Chlorate was detected in 79.49% and chlorite in 78.37% of samples. Concentrations were associated with water source, disinfectant residual and generator category. Samples using “pure” chlorine dioxide generators had higher concentrations than those using mixed generators in this dataset.
Read note →Formation and reduction: a research overview
Liu Yuhe’s review discusses chlorite and chlorate generation in chlorine dioxide water treatment and approaches to reducing these by-products. It provides background for evaluating disinfection alongside water chemistry and treatment-process effects.
Read note →Measuring inorganic by-products
Sang Shaochun reviews analytical approaches for inorganic by-products of chlorine dioxide in drinking water. The paper supports treating chlorite and chlorate as separate analytical targets rather than assuming disinfectant concentration alone describes treated-water quality.
Read note →Comparing practical measurement methods
Zhai Zhaopeng and Sun Wenjuan compare iodometric analysis, portable instruments and ion chromatography for drinking-water by-product measurement. The discussion addresses equipment cost, operator demands and analytical performance.
Read note →For international guidance, see the WHO chemical fact sheet on chlorine dioxide, chlorite and chlorate.